Political Institution is Institutions that pertain to the governance of a society, its formal distribution of authority, its use of force, and its relationships to other societies and political units. The state, an important political institution in modern societies, is the apparatus of governance over a particular territory.
Ø What is Government?
A government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the people it purports to govern. A person or group that considers itself the leading body of a society has no power if the members of the society do not recognize the person or group as such.
Ø Types of Governments
Most of the world’s governments fall into one of four categories: monarchy, democracy, authoritarianism, or totalitarianism.
1. Monarchy
Monarchy is a political system in which a representative from one family controls the government and power is passed on through that family from generation to generation. Most of the world’s monarchies are constitutional monarchies, in which the reigning member of the royal family is the symbolic head of state but elected officials actually do the governing. Many European countries have constitutional monarchies.
2. Democracy
Democracy is a political system in which citizens periodically choose officials to run their government.
3. Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government.
4. Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system under which the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizens’ lives.
Ø System of Government
A system of government distributes power among different parts and levels of the state. Political scientists study the uses of power, including how power is distributed within a state. The amount of power held by the central government determines the system of government a state has. There are three main systems of government used today: unitary systems, federal systems, and confederate systems.
1. Unitary Systems
A unitary system has the highest degree of centralization. In a unitary state, the central government holds all the power. Lower-level governments, if they exist at all, do nothing but implement the policies of the national government. In a purely unitary state, the same set of laws applies throughout the nation, without variation. Unitary states create national policy, which is then applied uniformly. This uniformity sometimes serves as an advantage because people and businesses know exactly what to expect from the laws, regardless of geographical location. At the same time, to maintain its uniformity, a unitary government must overlook local differences that might call for different rules or policies.
2. Federal Systems
A federal system has a mix of national and state or local governments. The federal government usually trumps local governments in matters of defense and foreign policy, but local governments have a great deal of say over most other policy areas. Sometimes local governments administer national policies, which mean that, in practice, the “national” policy varies a great deal from place to place.
3. Confederate Systems
A confederate system sits at the other extreme in terms of centralization. A confederacy is a loose relationship among a number of smaller political units. The vast majority of political power rests with the local governments; the central federal government has very little power. Local governments have a great deal of freedom to act as they wish, but this freedom often leads to conflicts between states and the federal government. In some cases, a confederacy is little more than an alliance between independent states.
Ø Analysis Political Institutions in this Era
Australia has a kind of authoritarianism government where a political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government and federal system who has a mix of national and state or local governments. The federal government usually trumps local governments in matters of defense and foreign policy, but local governments have a great deal of say over most other policy areas. Sometimes local governments administer national policies, which mean that, in practice, the “national” policy varies a great deal from place to place. Because Thomas Brisbane is a general who came from Scotland (1 December 1821-1 December 1825) and Ralph Darling is a general who came from the UK (19 December 1825-21 October 1831).
The governor Brisbane control:
Totalitarianism is a political system under which the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizens’ lives.
Ø System of Government
A system of government distributes power among different parts and levels of the state. Political scientists study the uses of power, including how power is distributed within a state. The amount of power held by the central government determines the system of government a state has. There are three main systems of government used today: unitary systems, federal systems, and confederate systems.
1. Unitary Systems
A unitary system has the highest degree of centralization. In a unitary state, the central government holds all the power. Lower-level governments, if they exist at all, do nothing but implement the policies of the national government. In a purely unitary state, the same set of laws applies throughout the nation, without variation. Unitary states create national policy, which is then applied uniformly. This uniformity sometimes serves as an advantage because people and businesses know exactly what to expect from the laws, regardless of geographical location. At the same time, to maintain its uniformity, a unitary government must overlook local differences that might call for different rules or policies.
2. Federal Systems
A federal system has a mix of national and state or local governments. The federal government usually trumps local governments in matters of defense and foreign policy, but local governments have a great deal of say over most other policy areas. Sometimes local governments administer national policies, which mean that, in practice, the “national” policy varies a great deal from place to place.
3. Confederate Systems
A confederate system sits at the other extreme in terms of centralization. A confederacy is a loose relationship among a number of smaller political units. The vast majority of political power rests with the local governments; the central federal government has very little power. Local governments have a great deal of freedom to act as they wish, but this freedom often leads to conflicts between states and the federal government. In some cases, a confederacy is little more than an alliance between independent states.
Ø Analysis Political Institutions in this Era
Australia has a kind of authoritarianism government where a political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government and federal system who has a mix of national and state or local governments. The federal government usually trumps local governments in matters of defense and foreign policy, but local governments have a great deal of say over most other policy areas. Sometimes local governments administer national policies, which mean that, in practice, the “national” policy varies a great deal from place to place. Because Thomas Brisbane is a general who came from Scotland (1 December 1821-1 December 1825) and Ralph Darling is a general who came from the UK (19 December 1825-21 October 1831).
The governor Brisbane control:
· A legislative council and an executive council were established. The first made laws for the colony. The smaller executive council advised the governor.
· The colonists were given the right to draw up a constitution for their own responsible government. When they had completed their constitution, the colonists were to submit it to the British government for approval.
· Colonists won the right to freedom of the press, freedom of speech and trial by civilian jury.
· Settlement spread north, south and west.
· New South Wales was split into four separate colonies: the original colony, Van Diemen’s Land, South Australia.
· The transportation of convicts to New South Wales was stopped in 1840. A later attempt to revive it met with considerable opposition.
· Wool became the staple of the colony.
· A solution was found to the problem of squatting.
· The immigration of free settlers increased, which assisted development.
· Exploration, by both government and private parties, continued and more detail was added to maps. This led to further settlement.
· The government began selling land to colonists, instead of just granting it to them.
· Private enterprise continued to develop. The first private monopoly in the colony was granted to the Australian Agricultural Company.
· The destruction of Aboriginal tribal society and culture continued.
· Damage to the environment also continued. Native flora and fauna were destroyed and killed, and new, foreign species introduced.
· The colony entered the Victorian era, and the age of steam.
Ø Bibliography
· Political Institution
Social Institutions based on 2011 sparknotes llc, all rights reserved
· Government
http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/social-institutions/section2.rhtml
· System of Government
http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/nations-and-states/section4.rhtml
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